Temple of Literature (Van Mieu) & Examination Success Prayer

Q: What offerings are most appropriate for an academic or examination prayer?

Academic offerings should be 100% vegetarian, refined and symbolic : a bouquet of fresh pink lotus buds or yellow chrysanthemums, a plate of crimson gac sticky rice, Hanoi green-rice pastries (banh com), a five-fruit platter, fragrant lotus tea and pure spring water. At home, parents often add small bowls of sweet red-bean and lotus-seed soup alongside a new pen and notebook.

Q: Who was Master Chu Van An, venerated as the Eternal Model Teacher in Thai Hoc Hall?

Master Chu Van An (1292 to 1370) was a renowned Confucian scholar and educator of the Tran Dynasty. Declining political office in his youth to open a school by the To Lich River, he was later invited by Emperor Tran Minh Tong to serve as Rector of the Imperial Academy (Tu Nghiep Quoc Tu Giam) . When corrupt officials abused power under Emperor Tran Du Tong, he courageously submitted the Seven Executions Memorial (That Tram So) demanding the punishment of seven corrupt mandarins, then resigned to teach at Phoenix Mountain (Chi Linh, Hai Duong). He was posthumously enshrined in the Temple of Literature as Van The Su Bieu (Model Teacher for Ten Thousand Generations).

IPersonalize Your Scroll, Select Ritual Date and Read Prayer

Tradition-Specific Sub-page of Confucianism (2 ritual prayers in this tradition)

Confucianism Pillar & Prayers ›

Quick-switch Ceremony (81 Rites across 10 Categories):

All 81 Rites ›

1. Select Solar Date (Auto-converts to Lunar Date, Sexagenary Cycle & Auspicious Hours)

Pick the actual solar date on which your household performs the rite

Ceremony Date (Solar Calendar)

Quick presets for Year-End and Lunar New Year 2027

Select an Auspicious Hour to insert into the prayer (optional)

2. Officiant and Household Details (Live Scroll Personalization)

Stored privately in your browser localStorage only; never sent to any server

Liturgical pronoun

Full name of chief officiant (Petitioner)

Solar birth year Enter solar birth year to auto-calculate Sexagenary stem-branch and lunar age

Paternal ancestral surname

Maternal ancestral surname (optional)

Household or ceremony address

Co-attending household members (optional)

3. Choose Prayer Variant, Enter Altar Mode or Print A4 Scroll

Recited by students, candidates, scholars and parents visiting the Temple of Literature in Hanoi (Dai Thanh Sanctuary and Thai Hoc Imperial Academy Hall) or regional Literary Temples (Mao Dien, Xich Dang, Hue, Tran Bien): paying homage to Confucius, the Four Correlates, Eternal Teacher Master Chu Van An, the Three Founding Emperors and the Laureate Scholars of Vietnam.

HALL OF MYRIAD PATHS · TRADITIONAL RITUAL SCROLL

Temple of Literature (Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam) and Examination Success Prayer: Liturgy for Sage Teachers, Spring Calligraphy and Scholarly Achievement

1. Scroll for the Temple of Literature and Imperial Academy (Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam) and Regional Literary Temples

Namo Amitabha Buddha! (Three recitations, accompanied by three reverent bows)

Humbly bowing before Sovereign Heaven, Empress Earth, and the Tutelary Guardian Deities watching over the sacred precinct of the Temple of Literature and Imperial Academy.

Humbly bowing before Supreme Sage and First Teacher Confucius, the Four Correlates (Master Yan Hui, Master Zengzi, Master Zisi and Master Mencius), the Ten Wise Ones, and the Seventy-Two Worthy Disciples of classical learning.

Humbly bowing before Eternal Model Teacher for Ten Thousand Generations Master Chu Van An, paragon of moral integrity and rector of Vietnamese scholarship.

Humbly bowing before the Three Founding and Patron Emperors of the Temple of Literature and Imperial Academy: Emperor Ly Thanh Tong, Emperor Ly Nhan Tong and Emperor Le Thanh Tong, together with all Successive Sovereigns who revered learning and nurtured talent.

Humbly bowing before the Former Confucian Scholars, Preceptors of the Imperial Academy, and the Laureate Doctors inscribed upon the Eighty-Two Stone Stelae of Dai Viet.

Today is ……………………, in the ………… Year.

………… ………………………………, of the ………… ancestral lineage, residing at: ………….

Standing beneath the Constellation of Literature Pavilion (Khue Van Cac) beside the Well of Heavenly Clarity, ………… take to heart the immortal inscription carved in stone in 1484: Virtuous and talented scholars are the vital energy of the nation; when that vital energy flourishes, the country grows strong and rises high. Across nearly a millennium since the founding of the Imperial Academy, generations of Vietnamese students have cultivated both moral character and intellect to serve the homeland.

Today on this auspicious date, ………… approach with a serene heart, preparing fragrant herbal incense, fresh lotus blossoms, crimson gac sticky rice, green-rice pastries and pure lotus tea to present before the Sanctuary of Great Synthesis and the Imperial Academy Hall.

May the Former Sages, Eternal Teacher Master Chu Van An, the Founding Emperors and the Laureate Scholars graciously witness our sincerity and illuminate the path of learning: blessing ………… and the students of the ………… family with clear intellect, steadfast health, unshakeable perseverance, deep comprehension and enduring memory.

In the upcoming examinations and academic defenses, may the candidate remain calm and composed, grasp every question with clarity, write with lucid precision, and fulfill the full measure of their diligent preparation to achieve honorable graduation and bring pride to the ………… lineage and society.

………… vow to honor our teachers, study with complete honesty and personal effort, and place ethical virtue at the foundation of all knowledge. Before the Imperial Academy sanctuary, ………… bow in deep gratitude!

Namo Amitabha Buddha! (Three recitations, accompanied by three bows)

IIIInteractive 3D Altar, Layout Diagram and Ritual Protocol

Drag to rotate 360° · Click numbered pins 1 to 7 or cards below to inspect each offering

Rendering crimson-and-gold 3D ritual altar…

Hanoi's Temple of Literature and Imperial Academy (Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam) unfolds along a north-south sacred axis across five courtyards: from the Main Gate and Great Middle Gate to the Constellation of Literature Pavilion (Khue Van Cac), the square Well of Heavenly Clarity (Thien Quang Tinh) flanked by the 82 UNESCO-listed Doctoral Stelae, through the Gate of Great Synthesis into the Dai Thanh Sanctuary (enshrining Confucius, the Four Correlates and Ten Wise Ones), and culminating in the rear Thai Hoc Imperial Academy Hall enshrining Eternal Teacher Master Chu Van An on the first floor and the Three Founding Emperors (Ly Thanh Tong, Ly Nhan Tong, Le Thanh Tong) on the upper floor.

Dai Thanh Sanctuary & Thai Hoc Hall (Confucius, Master Chu Van An & Three Founding Emperors)The supreme central sanctuaries of the Temple of Literature; at home, this corresponds to the central Deity and Ancestral Altar.

Pair of Bronze Cranes on Turtles, Candlesticks & Doctoral Stelae of National Vital EnergyEmblems of Vietnam's thousand-year tradition of scholarship and moral integrity.

Outdoor Courtyard Bronze Censer & Household Altar Incense BowlAt Van Mieu, light 1 incense stick at the open-air Bat Trang brick courtyard censer; at home, light 3 sticks at the family altar.

Fresh Pink Lotus & Yellow Chrysanthemum Vase (East Vase, Pilgrim Right)Placed on the right side as the petitioner faces the altar, offering serene scholarly fragrance.

Five-Fruit Platter, Crimson Sticky Rice & Green-Rice Pastries (West Fruit, Pilgrim Left)Placed on the left side as the petitioner faces the altar on clean ceremonial trays.

Pure Water Cups, Fragrant Lotus Tea & Betel-Areca PlateArranged in front of the central incense vessel as a token of respect to Teachers and Ancestors.

Tray Holding New Pens, Spring Calligraphy Scroll or Exam Card (For Home Rites)When praying at home before an exam or during Spring First-Calligraphy, place a clean notebook and pens neatly on the front table.

Real-world reference photographs of traditional altars and offering trays

Open-license documentary photographs via Wikimedia Commons (click any photo for source file)

Traditional Vietnamese household altar with bronze trio. Balanced Vietnamese domestic altar displaying a bronze incense urn and candlesticks at the rear, a blue-and-white ceramic incense bowl centered on a wooden stand, red gladiolus vases and fresh fruit. — **Traditional Vietnamese household altar with bronze trio.** Balanced Vietnamese domestic altar displaying a bronze incense urn and candlesticks at the rear, a blue-and-white ceramic incense bowl centered on a wooden stand, red gladiolus vases and fresh fruit.
Photograph: Phuong Huy · License: Public domain · Source: Wikimedia Commons

Red gac sticky rice, lotus-seed mung-bean sweet soup and banh chung. Auspicious sweet offering tray with crimson gac sticky rice, whipped mung-bean sweet soup topped with lotus seeds, a pair of green banh chung cakes, oil lamp and yellow chrysanthemums. — **Red gac sticky rice, lotus-seed mung-bean sweet soup and banh chung.** Auspicious sweet offering tray with crimson gac sticky rice, whipped mung-bean sweet soup topped with lotus seeds, a pair of green banh chung cakes, oil lamp and yellow chrysanthemums.
Photograph: Phuong Huy · License: CC0 · Source: Wikimedia Commons

Step-by-step ceremonial sequence before the altar

Whether visiting the Temple of Literature in person or offering pre-examination prayers at the family altar, the hallmark of the rite is composed mindfulness, respect for teachers, and honest academic preparation.

Step 1
Wear neat scholarly or formal attire and prepare pure vegetarian offerings
Dress modestly in a collared shirt, student uniform or traditional ao dai. Arrange fresh lotus or chrysanthemum flowers, crimson sticky rice, green-rice cakes and lotus tea neatly.
Step 2
Walk through the Great Middle Gate, Khue Van Cac and the Garden of 82 Doctoral Stelae
Enter the Temple of Literature calmly, pause beneath the Constellation of Literature Pavilion, and contemplate the 82 Doctoral Stelae honoring 1,307 laureates (strictly refraining from touching or rubbing the ancient stone turtles).
Step 3
Present pure offerings and light 1 incense stick at the Dai Thanh Sanctuary (Recite Variant 1)
Pass through the Gate of Great Synthesis, place flowers and fruit on the offering table, light 1 incense stick at the outdoor courtyard censer, and join palms before the Dai Thanh Sanctuary to recite Variant 1.
Step 4
Pay homage to Eternal Teacher Master Chu Van An and the Three Founding Emperors in Thai Hoc Hall
Proceed to the rear Imperial Academy (Nha Thai Hoc): bow on the ground floor before Master Chu Van An to pray for upright character and wisdom, then ascend to the second floor to honor Emperors Ly Thanh Tong, Ly Nhan Tong and Le Thanh Tong.
Step 5
Offer the Pre-Examination Petition at the Household Altar before Exam Day (Recite Variant 2)
On the evening before or morning of a major exam, place crimson sticky rice, sweet red-bean soup, fresh flowers and the candidate's pens on the family altar, light 3 incense sticks and recite Variant 2 for calm focus.
Step 6
Perform the Spring First-Calligraphy Rite (Khai But) at the Study Desk (Recite Variant 3)
On an auspicious New Year morning, after reciting Variant 3 at the altar, sit upright at a clean, well-lit study desk and write your opening lines of the year: three concrete learning goals and an ethical maxim.
Step 7
Request spring calligraphy, share blessed pastries and rest well before the examination
Bow three times in thanksgiving, share the blessed sticky rice and green-rice cakes with family, double-check examination documents, and get a full night's sleep to enter the testing hall at peak clarity.

IVRevering Teachers and the 1484 Maxim: Virtuous Scholars Are the Vital Energy of the Nation

Throughout Vietnam's thousand-year recorded civilization, Revering Teachers and Valuing Morality (Ton Su Trong Dao) alongside a passionate love of learning have served as the twin pillars of national resilience. Beginning in 1070 when Emperor Ly Thanh Tong established the Temple of Literature (Van Mieu) in Thang Long, and in 1076 when Emperor Ly Nhan Tong founded the Imperial Academy (Quoc Tu Giam) as Vietnam's first national university, genuine scholarship was revered as the highest path of public service.

According to the historical record

In the fifteenth year of the Hong Duc reign (1484), Emperor Le Thanh Tong commissioned stone stelae at the Temple of Literature to immortalize the laureates of the triennial civil service examinations beginning with the 1442 exam. Composed by Grand Academician Than Nhan Trung (1418 to 1499), the opening inscription carved into green stone proclaimed the defining philosophy of Vietnamese education: Virtuous and talented scholars are the vital energy of the nation; when that vital energy flourishes, the country grows strong and rises high; when it wanes, the country weakens and declines. Therefore, no wise sovereign has ever failed to make the nurturing of talent and the cultivation of this vital energy their foremost priority.

According to the tradition

Crucially, Than Nhan Trung's 1484 inscription immediately followed this praise with a solemn ethical warning: the stone stelae were erected so that the upright may look upon these names with inspiration to strive, while the corrupt may look upon them with dread and restrain themselves, ensuring that academic titles serve the common good rather than personal greed. Visiting the Temple of Literature is therefore not a quest for superstitious shortcuts in an exam hall, but a pilgrimage to align one's heart with the integrity and perseverance of Vietnam's greatest scholars.

VSacred Architecture and Sanctuaries of the Temple of Literature and Imperial Academy

Every courtyard and pavilion within Hanoi's Temple of Literature is laid out as a cosmological and educational lesson. Understanding the six principal zones allows students and visitors to progress through the monument with reverence.

Guide to the 6 principal architectural zones and sanctuaries of Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam in Hanoi.
Architectural Zone / Hall	Location in the Complex	Philosophical Symbolism & Figures Venerated
Main Gate, Great Middle Gate & Accomplished Virtue / Talent Portals	First and second courtyards along the southern entrance axis.	Reminds every student crossing the threshold to walk the Middle Way, cultivating moral Virtue (Thanh Duc) and practical Talent (Dat Tai).
Khue Van Cac Pavilion & Well of Heavenly Clarity (Thien Quang Tinh)	Third courtyard (built 1805): an eight-roofed circular-window pavilion reflected in a square lake.	Unites the circular Heaven of the Khue Literary Star with the square Earth of the tranquil well, forming Hexagram 11 Peace (Dia Thien Thai).
Garden of 82 Doctoral Stelae (UNESCO Memory of the World)	Flanking the east and west sides of the Well of Heavenly Clarity.	Inscribes the names, birthplaces and philosophies of 1,307 Doctoral Laureates across 82 royal examinations (1442 to 1779) resting on stone turtles.
Dai Thanh Sanctuary (Hall of Great Synthesis)	Fourth courtyard beyond the Gate of Great Synthesis.	Enshrines Supreme Sage Teacher Confucius at the center, flanked by the Four Correlates (Yan Hui, Zengzi, Zisi, Mencius) and the Ten Wise Ones.
Thai Hoc Hall First Floor: Shrine of Eternal Teacher Chu Van An	Fifth innermost courtyard (site of the historic Imperial Academy).	Venerates Rector Chu Van An (1292 to 1370), Vietnam's incorruptible teacher who submitted the Seven Executions Memorial against court corruption.
Thai Hoc Hall Second Floor: Shrine of the Three Founding Emperors	Upper ceremonial story of the Imperial Academy Hall.	Honors Emperor Ly Thanh Tong (founded Van Mieu, 1070), Emperor Ly Nhan Tong (founded Quoc Tu Giam, 1076) and Emperor Le Thanh Tong (erected the Stelae, 1484).

VIThe Rite of Spring First-Calligraphy (Khai But Dau Xuan) and Arranging the Study Desk

Alongside requesting auspicious calligraphy scrolls at New Year, the Rite of Spring First-Calligraphy (Le Khai But Dau Xuan) is one of Vietnam's most refined scholarly customs. On an auspicious morning hour during the opening days of Tet (traditionally the 1st, 2nd, 4th or 6th day of the First Lunar Month), students, teachers, writers and researchers light incense before the ancestral altar and sit at their desk to write the first thoughtful lines of the lunar year.

According to the tradition

How to practice authentic Spring First-Calligraphy: Rather than mechanically copying random text, write the date of the new spring, your full name, and three clear commitments for learning, research and personal character in the coming year, accompanied by a classical maxim such as First learn moral etiquette, then learn literature or Constant grinding turns an iron rod into a needle. Write calmly without crossing out words, and keep the sheet at your study desk as an ethical compass throughout the year.

Arranging the Study Desk for Focus and Clarity: In classical environmental harmony, the Literary Star (Van Xuong) governs concentration and creative insight. Position the study desk where natural daylight enters from the side, with a solid wall or bookcase supporting the back of the chair (never sitting with your back exposed to the room door or directly beneath an overhead beam), and keep the desk surface uncluttered. A tidy desk graced with four stalks of green lucky bamboo provides an ideal environment for sustained study.

VIIPreserving National Heritage: Why Pilgrims Must Never Rub the Stone Turtles of the Doctoral Stelae

A common misunderstanding

Four essential rules when visiting the Temple of Literature and praying for examinations:

First, never step over barriers to rub the heads of the stone turtles or touch the faces of the Doctoral Stelae. The 82 Doctoral Stelae at Van Mieu are National Treasures and a UNESCO Memory of the World heritage site. The habit of rubbing turtle heads for exam luck is a recent misconception with no basis in classical Confucian tradition; it wears down 500-year-old stone carvings and shows disrespect toward the historic laureates honored on the stelae. Protecting cultural heritage with reverence is the true mark of an educated candidate.

Second, never burn votive paper money or scatter small bills on the altars or into the Well of Heavenly Clarity. Literary Temples honor wisdom and virtue through pure incense, fresh blossoms and clean fruit alone.

Third, avoid extreme dietary taboos before an exam that weaken the student's health. While enjoying crimson sticky rice or sweet red-bean soup is a joyful family encouragement, parents should never deprive students of nutritious foods like eggs or bananas out of folk wordplay. Balanced nutrition and restful sleep are vital for peak cognitive performance.

Fourth, never pray for dishonest shortcuts without diligent study. Eternal Teacher Chu Van An and the Former Sages exemplify uncompromising honesty and bless those who study with genuine effort.

VIIIConstant Grinding Turns Iron into a Needle: Diligent Effort as the True Root of Honor

Standing before the statue of Eternal Teacher Master Chu Van An in the Thai Hoc Imperial Academy Hall, every student and parent encounters the enduring truth of Vietnamese scholarship. From his early academy by the To Lich River that trained illustrious statesmen like Pham Su Manh and Le Quat, to his tenure as Rector of the Imperial Academy and his final years teaching at Phoenix Mountain in Chi Linh, Master Chu Van An demonstrated that true learning unites tireless study with incorruptible moral courage.

According to the tradition

Offering incense at the Temple of Literature or before the household ancestral altar on the eve of an examination serves as a serene psychological anchor: quieting test anxiety, reminding the student of their family's loving support, and awakening calm self-possession. When nine parts of thorough, disciplined preparation meet one part of mindful composure and gratitude toward teachers and ancestors, scholarly success naturally follows.

?Quick Questions

When is the best time to visit the Temple of Literature (Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam) and in what order should we visit the halls?

Students and families traditionally visit the Temple of Literature during early spring (from the 1st through the 15th of the First Lunar Month) for Spring First-Calligraphy, or one to two weeks before major examinations. Follow the three-hall sequence: (1) Offer 1 incense stick at the outdoor censer and bow before the Dai Thanh Sanctuary honoring Confucius, the Four Correlates and Ten Wise Ones; (2) Proceed to the First Floor of Thai Hoc Hall to venerate Eternal Teacher Master Chu Van An; (3) Ascend to the Second Floor of Thai Hoc Hall to pay homage to the Three Founding Emperors: Ly Thanh Tong, Ly Nhan Tong and Le Thanh Tong.

Why is rubbing the heads of the stone turtles in the Doctoral Stelae garden strictly prohibited?

The 82 Doctoral Stelae resting on stone turtles at Van Mieu are National Treasures and a UNESCO Memory of the World site recording 1,307 laureates from 1442 to 1779. Classical Confucian ritual never included touching the turtles; rubbing them erodes centuries-old stone carvings. Instead of touching the monuments, students honor the laureates by contemplating the 1484 inscription, Virtuous and talented scholars are the vital energy of the nation.

If we live far from Hanoi, how can we perform the pre-examination prayer at home?

You can perform the ceremony with complete efficacy right before your household Deity and Ancestral Altar (or at regional Literary Temples such as Mao Dien in Hai Duong, Xich Dang in Hung Yen, Van Thanh Mieu in Hue, or Tran Bien in Dong Nai). On the evening before or morning of the exam, set a plate of crimson gac sticky rice or sweet red-bean soup, fresh fruit, lotus or chrysanthemum flowers, pure water, and the candidate's pens and admission card on the family altar, light 3 incense sticks and recite Variant 2 (Household Pre-Examination Scroll).

Which dates and hours in Tet Dinh Mui 2027 are most auspicious for Spring First-Calligraphy (Khai But Dau Xuan)?

For the Dinh Mui Lunar New Year 2027, ideal morning windows for Spring First-Calligraphy include: the 1st Day of Tet (Saturday, February 6, 2027, Binh Thin Day, Chen Hour 07:00-09:00 or Si Hour 09:00-11:00); the 2nd Day of Tet (Sunday, February 7, 2027, Dinh Ty Day, Chen Hour 07:00-09:00 or Wu Hour 11:00-13:00); and especially the 4th Day of Tet (Tuesday, February 9, 2027, Ky Mui Day, Mao Hour 05:00-07:00 or Si Hour 09:00-11:00). Write the date, three concrete learning goals for the year, and an ethical maxim in neat handwriting.

What offerings are most appropriate for an academic or examination prayer?

Academic offerings should be 100% vegetarian, refined and symbolic: a bouquet of fresh pink lotus buds or yellow chrysanthemums, a plate of crimson gac sticky rice, Hanoi green-rice pastries (banh com), a five-fruit platter, fragrant lotus tea and pure spring water. At home, parents often add small bowls of sweet red-bean and lotus-seed soup alongside a new pen and notebook.

Who was Master Chu Van An, venerated as the Eternal Model Teacher in Thai Hoc Hall?

Master Chu Van An (1292 to 1370) was a renowned Confucian scholar and educator of the Tran Dynasty. Declining political office in his youth to open a school by the To Lich River, he was later invited by Emperor Tran Minh Tong to serve as Rector of the Imperial Academy (Tu Nghiep Quoc Tu Giam). When corrupt officials abused power under Emperor Tran Du Tong, he courageously submitted the Seven Executions Memorial (That Tram So) demanding the punishment of seven corrupt mandarins, then resigned to teach at Phoenix Mountain (Chi Linh, Hai Duong). He was posthumously enshrined in the Temple of Literature as Van The Su Bieu (Model Teacher for Ten Thousand Generations).

Compiled, textually collated and diagrammed by Master Ưng Khiêm and UK MASTER ACADEMY. Last updated: 31 October 2026. Sources: Collated from the Corpus of Doctoral Stelae Inscriptions at Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam (1484-1780), Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu, Classical Vietnamese Liturgical Manuals, and archives of the Center for Cultural and Scientific Activities of Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam.

Temple of Literature (Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam) and Examination Success Prayer: Liturgy for Sage Teachers, Spring Calligraphy and Scholarly Achievement

IPersonalize Your Scroll, Select Ritual Date and Read Prayer

1. Select Solar Date (Auto-converts to Lunar Date, Sexagenary Cycle & Auspicious Hours)

2. Officiant and Household Details (Live Scroll Personalization)

3. Choose Prayer Variant, Enter Altar Mode or Print A4 Scroll

Temple of Literature (Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam) and Examination Success Prayer: Liturgy for Sage Teachers, Spring Calligraphy and Scholarly Achievement

IICeremonial Offerings and Preparation Checklist

Group 1: Herbal Incense, Wisdom Lamps & Scholarly Lotus or Chrysanthemum Blossoms

Group 2: Crimson Gac Sticky Rice, Sweet Red-Bean Soup & Green-Rice Pastries

Group 3: Fragrant Lotus Tea, Betel-Areca & New Pens for Khai But

IIIInteractive 3D Altar, Layout Diagram and Ritual Protocol

Real-world reference photographs of traditional altars and offering trays

Step-by-step ceremonial sequence before the altar

IVRevering Teachers and the 1484 Maxim: Virtuous Scholars Are the Vital Energy of the Nation

VSacred Architecture and Sanctuaries of the Temple of Literature and Imperial Academy

VIThe Rite of Spring First-Calligraphy (Khai But Dau Xuan) and Arranging the Study Desk

VIIPreserving National Heritage: Why Pilgrims Must Never Rub the Stone Turtles of the Doctoral Stelae

VIIIConstant Grinding Turns Iron into a Needle: Diligent Effort as the True Root of Honor

?Quick Questions

›Read Next