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Jain Navkar Mantra, Inner Purification and Universal Forgiveness Household Prayers: Liturgy for Ghar Derasar, Khamatkhana and Cosmic Peace

Lord Mahavira & 24 Tirthankaras · Homage to the Five Supreme Beings (Pancha Parameshthi) · Khamemi Savva Jive & Michhami Dukkadam · A4 Scroll

Three complete liturgical scrolls in Prakrit, Sanskrit and English for Jain household devotion: the daily morning and evening Navkar Mantra and Fourfold Auspicious Blessing (Chattari Mangalam) before the home shrine (Ghar Derasar), the Khamatkhana and Michhami Dukkadam prayer of universal forgiveness for Paryushana and Year-End reconciliation, and the home Pratikraman self-reflection with the Logassa hymn and Universal Peace Benediction.

Occasion
Daily Morning & Evening, Paryushana / Das Lakshana, Samvatsari, Mahavir Jayanti & Diwali
Recite Navkar Mantra each dawn and dusk; perform Khamatkhana (Michhami Dukkadam) on Samvatsari and at year's end
Auspicious timing
Mao (05:00-07:00), Chen (07:00-09:00), You (17:00-19:00)
Perform Ashta Prakari Puja in the morning daylight; perform Pratikraman self-reflection at twilight
Altar setting
Household Jain Shrine (Ghar Derasar) or Quiet Meditation Corner Facing East or North
Present the 8 non-violent offerings (Ashta Prakari Puja: filtered water, saffron-sandalwood, flowers, incense, lamp, unbroken rice, sweets, fruit)
Variants & A4 scroll
3 variants · A4 Scroll
Daily Navkar & Mangalik, Universal Forgiveness (Michhami Dukkadam) & Pratikraman Peace Prayer

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Tradition-Specific Sub-page of Jainism (1 ritual prayer in this tradition)
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Recited every morning and evening before the household Jain altar (Ghar Derasar): chanting the supreme Navkar Mantra (Namokar Mantra) in homage to the Five Supreme Beings (Pancha Parameshthi) followed by the Fourfold Auspicious Benediction (Chattari Mangalam).

HALL OF MYRIAD PATHS · TRADITIONAL RITUAL SCROLL

Jain Navkar Mantra, Inner Purification and Universal Forgiveness Household Prayers: Liturgy for Ghar Derasar, Khamatkhana and Cosmic Peace

1. Daily Morning and Evening Navkar Mantra and Chattari Mangalam Blessing Before the Household Shrine (Ghar Derasar)

Composed Posture and Reverent Salutation (Sit cross-legged on a clean mat or stand upright before the Ghar Derasar shrine, join both palms in Anjali Mudra at the heart, breathe calmly, and recite the supreme Navkar Mantra in classical Prakrit with its meaning):

The Fivefold Supreme Homage (Navkar Mantra / Namokar Mantra): Namo Arihantanam! (I bow in deep reverence to the Arihants, the Omniscient Conquerors who have vanquished inner attachment, hatred and ignorance). Namo Siddhanam! (I bow in deep reverence to the Siddhas, the Perfected Souls liberated forever from the cycle of birth and death). Namo Ayariyanam! (I bow in deep reverence to the Acharyas, the Spiritual Preceptors who lead the mendicant order in pure conduct). Namo Uvajjhayanam! (I bow in deep reverence to the Upadhyayas, the Scholarly Teachers of the sacred scriptures). Namo Loe Savva Sahunam! (I bow in deep reverence to all Sadhus and Sadhvis, the Ascetic Monks and Nuns throughout the universe). Eso Pancha Namokkaro, Savva Pavappanasano, Mangalanam Cha Savvesim, Padhamam Havai Mangalam! (This fivefold salutation destroys all negative karmic bonds, and amongst all auspicious things it is the foremost and most auspicious!).

Today is ……………………, in the ………… Year.

………… ………………………………, of the ………… family lineage, residing at: ………….

Standing before the serene image of Lord Rishabhanatha, Lord Parshvanatha, Lord Vardhamana Mahavira and all Twenty-Four Tirthankaras (the Ford-Makers across the ocean of rebirth), ………… contemplate Their boundless equanimity, fearlessness and compassion.

In Jain teaching, the liberated Tirthankaras neither grant worldly favors out of partiality nor punish anyone in anger; ………… bow and present the eight symbolic offerings (Ashta Prakari Puja) not to bargain for material gain, but to awaken the same pure omniscience (Kevala Jnana), peace and moral strength inherent within our own souls (Jiva).

The Fourfold Auspicious Benediction (Chattari Mangalam / Mangalik): Chattari Mangalam: Arihanta Mangalam, Siddha Mangalam, Sahu Mangalam, Kevali Pannatto Dhammo Mangalam! (Four things are supremely auspicious: the Arihants are auspicious, the Siddhas are auspicious, the Sadhus are auspicious, and the pure Dharma expounded by the Omniscient Ones is auspicious!).

Chattari Loguttama: Arihanta Loguttama, Siddha Loguttama, Sahu Loguttama, Kevali Pannatto Dhammo Loguttamo! (Four things are supremely noble in the universe: the Arihants, the Siddhas, the Sadhus, and the Dharma of the Omniscient Ones!).

Chattari Saranam Pavajjami: Arihante Saranam Pavajjami, Siddhe Saranam Pavajjami, Sahu Saranam Pavajjami, Kevali Pannattam Dhammam Saranam Pavajjami! (I take refuge in these Fourfold Pure Shelters: I take refuge in the Arihants, in the Siddhas, in the Sadhus, and in the Dharma taught by the Omniscient Ones!).

Throughout this day, may every member of the ………… household at ………… walk the path of the Three Jewels (Ratnatraya): Right Faith (Samyak Darshana), Right Knowledge (Samyak Jnana) and Right Conduct (Samyak Charitra); speaking truth with kindness (Satya), respecting the many-sidedness of truth (Anekantavada), practicing contentment (Aparigraha), and cherishing all living beings in non-violence (Ahimsa). Om Shanti! Shanti! Shanti! (Bow three times in reverence).

IICeremonial Offerings and Preparation Checklist

In Jain household worship before the Ghar Derasar shrine, the ceremonial offering is known as Ashta Prakari Puja (Eightfold Symbolic Worship). Every item strictly honors the vow of Ahimsa (Non-Violence): using only boiled water filtered through thick white cloth, unbroken white rice grains, saffron-sandalwood paste, fallen or insect-free blossoms, and vegan sweets, while strictly excluding root vegetables (onions, garlic, potatoes) and honey.

Prepared 0 of 10 items

Group 1: The First Four Offerings of Ashta Prakari Puja (Water, Saffron-Sandalwood, Flowers & Incense)

Group 2: The Next Four Offerings of Ashta Prakari Puja (Lamp, Unbroken Rice, Sweets & Fruit)

Group 3: Ghar Derasar Shrine Tray, Muhapatti Mouth-Cloth & Soft Whisk

Offering Photograph Credits (Wikimedia Commons · Open Licenses): 1. Filtered and Boiled Pure Water: Phuong Huy (CC BY-SA 4.0 · Source) · 2. Cooling Sandalwood and Saffron Paste: Friedrich Haag (CC BY-SA 4.0 · Source) · 3. Fresh Blossoms Free of Insects: Frank Gualtieri (Public domain · Source) · 4. Natural Sandalwood Incense Sticks: Trantuanviet (CC BY-SA 4.0 · Source) · 5. Glass-Shielded Clarified Butter or Pure Oil Lamp: Aliva Sahoo (CC BY-SA 4.0 · Source) · 6. Whole Unbroken White Rice Grains for the Swastika Diagram: Sanjay Acharya (CC BY-SA 3.0 · Source) · 7. Pure Cane-Sugar or Dried Coconut Sweets Free of Honey: Phuong Huy (Public domain · Source) · 8. Whole Fresh Fruits, Almonds or Dried Dates: Rachel41Ng (CC0 · Source) · 9. Polished Brass or Silver Tray for Drawing the Rice Swastika and Siddhashila: Phuong Huy (Public domain · Source) · 10. White Cotton Mouth-Shield (Muhapatti) and Soft Woolen Whisk: Mattes (Public domain · Source)

IIIInteractive 3D Altar, Layout Diagram and Ritual Protocol

Drag to rotate 360° · Click numbered pins 1 to 7 or cards below to inspect each offering
Rendering crimson-and-gold 3D ritual altar…
A household Jain shrine (Ghar Derasar or Chaityalaya) is crafted from carved wood or white marble and placed in a quiet, spotless room facing East or North. At the center sits the serene image of a Tirthankara (such as Lord Mahavira, Lord Parshvanatha or Lord Rishabhanatha) in lotus meditation (Padmasana) or standing meditation (Kayotsarga), accompanied by the Siddhachakra Yantra of the Five Supreme Beings and a polished metal tray where worshipers form the sacred Swastika diagram out of whole white rice grains.
1
Central Image of the Tirthankara (Lord Mahavira, Parshvanatha or Rishabhanatha)Embodying the Victorious Jina in total equanimity and detachment, inspiring inner awakening.
2
Siddhachakra Yantra Medallion (or Inscribed Plaque of the Navkar Mantra)Placed beside the central image, honoring the Five Supreme Beings (Pancha Parameshthi) and the Three Jewels.
3
Central Metal Tray Displaying the White Rice Swastika, Three Jewels & Siddhashila CrescentDirectly in front of the shrine: whole white rice grains map the four realms of rebirth, Three Jewels, and liberated Siddhashila.
4
Cloth-Filtered Water Pitcher (Jala) & Sandalwood-Saffron Bowl (Chandan) on Viewer RightPrepared with water filtered through double-layered white cotton cloth to uphold strict non-violence.
5
Insect-Free Blossoms (Pushpa), Fruit (Phala) & Honey-Free Sweets (Naivedya) on Viewer Left100% vegetarian offerings arranged during daylight hours, completely free of root vegetables or honey.
6
Glass-Shielded Lamp (Dipa) & Gentle Sandalwood Incense Holder (Dhupa)The lamp flame is enclosed behind glass so no flying insect is ever harmed during worship.
7
Clean Meditation Mat (Asana), 108-Bead Mala (Navkarvali) & White Mouth-Cloth (Muhapatti)Used by family members when chanting the Navkar Mantra and performing evening Pratikraman reflection.

Real-world reference photographs of traditional altars and offering trays

Open-license documentary photographs via Wikimedia Commons (click any photo for source file)
Traditional Vietnamese household altar with bronze trio. Balanced Vietnamese domestic altar displaying a bronze incense urn and candlesticks at the rear, a blue-and-white ceramic incense bowl centered on a wooden stand, red gladiolus vases and fresh fruit.
Traditional Vietnamese household altar with bronze trio. Balanced Vietnamese domestic altar displaying a bronze incense urn and candlesticks at the rear, a blue-and-white ceramic incense bowl centered on a wooden stand, red gladiolus vases and fresh fruit.
Photograph: Phuong Huy · License: Public domain · Source: Wikimedia Commons
Pure vegetarian offering tray for Full Moon and New Moon rites. Modest household vegetarian offering featuring mung-bean sticky rice, leaf-wrapped cakes, plant-based savory dishes, dragon fruit and ripe bananas, a lit oil lamp and fresh flowers.
Pure vegetarian offering tray for Full Moon and New Moon rites. Modest household vegetarian offering featuring mung-bean sticky rice, leaf-wrapped cakes, plant-based savory dishes, dragon fruit and ripe bananas, a lit oil lamp and fresh flowers.
Photograph: Phuong Huy · License: Public domain · Source: Wikimedia Commons

Step-by-step ceremonial sequence before the altar

Jain household ritual unites deep reverence for the liberated Jinas with meticulous care for the smallest living beings through the ethic of Ahimsa.

  1. Step 1
    Bathe, dress in fresh simple attire, and wear the white mouth-cloth (Muhapatti)

    Before approaching the Ghar Derasar shrine, wash thoroughly, put on clean clothes, and tie or hold a clean white cloth (Muhapatti) before your mouth to protect subtle air-bodied beings.

  2. Step 2
    Gently sweep the sitting mat and chant the Navkar Mantra & Mangalik (Recite Variant 1)

    Inspect and lightly brush your sitting mat so no tiny insect is harmed, sit upright, join palms in Anjali Mudra, and recite the Navkar Mantra and Chattari Mangalam (Variant 1).

  3. Step 3
    Form the Swastika, Three Jewels and Siddhashila Crescent with unbroken white rice

    On the metal tray before the altar, arrange whole white rice grains (Akshata) into a four-armed Swastika (the four realms of existence), topped by three horizontal dots (Right Faith, Right Knowledge, Right Conduct) and a crescent crowned with a single dot (the liberated abode of Siddhashila).

  4. Step 4
    Perform the Eightfold Symbolic Offering (Ashta Prakari Puja) during daylight hours

    Present filtered water, saffron-sandalwood, flowers, incense, shielded lamp light, unbroken rice, sweets and fruit while meditating on the eight spiritual virtues of the soul.

  5. Step 5
    Practice silent standing meditation (Kayotsarga) and evening self-reflection (Pratikraman, Variant 3)

    At dusk or at the close of worship, hold still in Kayotsarga meditation, releasing attachment to the physical body, and recite Variant 3 to purify daily faults and bless all beings.

  6. Step 6
    Perform Universal Forgiveness (Khamatkhana) and exchange Michhami Dukkadam (Recite Variant 2)

    On Samvatsari (Paryushana), at year's end, or whenever healing family tensions, recite Variant 2 together and bow to each relative and friend saying: Michhami Dukkadam.

  7. Step 7
    Uphold compassionate vegetarian living and charitable protection of life (Jivdaya)

    Complete the liturgy by taking meals before sunset where possible, avoiding root vegetables and animal harm, and supporting animal shelters and humanitarian charity.

IVThe Three Philosophical Pillars of Jainism: Non-Violence (Ahimsa), Many-Sided Truth (Anekantavada) and Non-Possessiveness (Aparigraha)

Jainism (Jain Dharma) is one of humanity's oldest continuous philosophical and ascetic traditions, transmitted across a lineage of Twenty-Four Tirthankaras (Ford-Makers across the stream of rebirth), beginning with the first Tirthankara Lord Rishabhanatha (Adinatha), continuing through the twenty-third Tirthankara Lord Parshvanatha (eighth century BCE), and culminating in the twenty-fourth Tirthankara Lord Vardhamana Mahavira (599 to 527 BCE). The title Jina means Spiritual Victor: one who has conquered not outer armies, but inner attachment, aversion and ignorance.

According to the tradition

Every Jain household prayer and ethical practice rests upon Three Golden Pillars:

(1) Ahimsa Paramo Dharmah (Non-Violence is the Supreme Religion): Jainism teaches that every living being, from humans and animals down to insects, plants, and microscopic organisms dwelling in earth, water, fire and air, possesses an immortal conscious soul (Jiva) that experiences pain and cherishes life. As the Tattvartha Sutra (5.21) proclaims, Parasparopagraho Jivanam: All living beings render mutual service to one another. Domestic peace begins with refusing to harm any creature in thought, word or deed.

(2) Anekantavada (Many-Sidedness of Truth): Because reality has infinite facets while ordinary human perception is partial (like the parable of the blind men touching different parts of an elephant), no single viewpoint holds a monopoly on truth. Practicing Anekantavada at home nurtures intellectual humility, patience and respectful dialogue between spouses, generations and faiths.

(3) Aparigraha (Non-Possessiveness and Voluntary Simplicity): Clinging to excessive wealth breeds anxiety and ecological harm. Householders practice voluntary limits on possessions (Parigraha Parimana) and share surplus resources through charity.

VDecoding the Navkar Mantra (Namokar Mantra) and Why Jain Prayer Venerates Virtues Rather Than Asking for Worldly Favors

The central and most sacred prayer recited morning and evening by Jain households of both the Svetambara and Digambara traditions is the Navkar Mantra (also known as the Namokar Mantra or Pancha Namaskara Mantra), composed in ancient Ardhamagadhi Prakrit.

The Five Supreme Beings (Pancha Parameshthi) and their meditative colors in the Navkar Mantra.
Prakrit InvocationGroup Venerated (Pancha Parameshthi)Meditative Color & Spiritual Qualification
1. Namo ArihantanamThe Arihants (Embodied Omniscient Conquerors)Radiant White: Enlightened teachers who have destroyed the four destructive karmas (Ghati Karma), attained omniscience (Kevala Jnana), and expound the Dharma while still in human form.
2. Namo SiddhanamThe Siddhas (Fully Liberated Bodiless Souls)Luminous Red: Perfected souls who have shed all eight karmas and physical embodiment, dwelling in eternal bliss at the apex of the cosmos (Siddhashila).
3. Namo AyariyanamThe Acharyas (Heads of Mendicant Orders)Golden Saffron: Master preceptors who embody the thirty-six qualities of monastic leadership and guide monks, nuns and laypeople.
4. Namo UvajjhayanamThe Upadhyayas (Scriptural Preceptors)Emerald Green: Ascetic scholars who master and teach the sacred Jain Agamas and philosophical treatises.
5. Namo Loe Savva SahunamAll Sadhus & Sadhvis in the UniverseDeep Blue / Dark: Every ascetic monk and nun across the cosmos who faithfully observes the Five Great Vows (Pancha Mahavrata).
According to the tradition

Why the Navkar Mantra mentions no personal names and makes no material demands: Remarkably, nowhere in its nine lines does the Navkar Mantra name any specific historical individual (not even Lord Mahavira or Lord Parshvanatha), nor does it ask for wealth, victory or worldly favors. Jainism teaches reverence for spiritual virtues (Guna-puja) rather than personality worship (Vyakti-puja). By bowing to the supreme qualities of omniscience, detachment and non-violence, the worshiper awakens those very qualities within their own soul.

VIThe Eightfold Offering (Ashta Prakari Puja) and the White Rice Swastika Cosmogram at the Home Shrine

Before the household shrine (Ghar Derasar), morning worship combines outer symbolic offerings (Dravya Puja) with inner contemplative resolve (Bhava Puja), centered on forming a sacred diagram out of unbroken white rice grains on a metal tray.

1. The Four Arms of the Rice Swastika (The Four Realms of Rebirth)

The four arms of the Swastika represent the four states of worldly existence (Gati) through which unawakened souls transmigrate: Heavenly beings (Deva), Humans (Manushya), Animals and plants (Tiryancha), and Hellish beings (Naraki).

2. The Three Rice Dots Above the Swastika (The Three Jewels / Ratnatraya)

Directly above the Swastika, the worshiper places three horizontal dots of rice representing the Three Jewels that lead the soul out of cyclic rebirth: Right Faith (Samyak Darshana), Right Knowledge (Samyak Jnana), and Right Conduct (Samyak Charitra).

3. The Crescent and Single Dot at the Summit (Siddhashila)

Crowning the diagram is a crescent-shaped arc of rice with a single dot above it, symbolizing Siddhashila at the summit of the universe, where liberated souls (Siddhas) abide in infinite consciousness and freedom.

4. Inner Meaning of the Eight Offerings (Ashta Prakari Puja)

Each offering mirrors an inner vow: Filtered Water (Jala) for purity of conduct; Saffron-Sandalwood (Chandan) for cooling anger; Flowers (Pushpa) for overcoming sensual passion; Incense (Dhupa) for burning away karma; Lamp (Dipa) for dispelling ignorance; Unbroken Rice (Akshata) for ending rebirth; Sweets (Naivedya) for conquering greed; and Fruit (Phala) for attaining ultimate liberation (Moksha).

VIIPratikraman Self-Reflection, Khamatkhana and the Transformative Power of Michhami Dukkadam

According to the tradition

One of Jainism's most luminous gifts to family and community life is the daily practice of Pratikraman (returning to the soul's peaceful nature through self-examination) and the annual festival of universal forgiveness, Samvatsari / Kshamavani, culminating the holy season of Paryushana (or Das Lakshana). In Jain psychology, karmic particles only bind tightly to the soul when moistened by the four passions (Kashaya): anger (Krodha), pride (Mana), deceit (Maya) and greed (Lobha).

To dissolve these passions before they harden into lifelong resentment, Jains gather with family members, neighbors and colleagues, join their palms, and speak the ancient Prakrit formula: Michhami Dukkadam! (May whatever wrong or hurt I have caused you in thought, word or deed be forgiven and rendered fruitless!). Reciting Variant 2 together as a household clears away unspoken grievances and restores warmth and trust.

VIIIFive Strict Rules of Non-Violence (Ahimsa) When Preparing a Jain Household Altar and Offerings

A common misunderstanding

Five essential guidelines to ensure household worship remains faithful to Ahimsa:

First, never bring root vegetables (Anantakaya such as onions, garlic, potatoes, carrots, radishes or ginger) or honey onto the altar or into ritual meals. In Jain biology, uprooting a bulb or tuber kills the entire plant along with countless microscopic organisms living within it, while harvesting honey harms bee colonies.

Second, never leave an open flame unshielded where insects might fly into it, and complete all food offerings before sunset (Ratri Bhojana Tyaga). Altar lamps must be enclosed in glass chimneys to protect moths, and ceremonial offerings are performed in daylight when tiny airborne insects are minimal.

Third, always filter ritual water through a thick, double-layered white cotton cloth (Jala Galana) and boil it beforehand. Unfiltered water contains microscopic water-bodied organisms (Apakaya).

Fourth, inspect every grain of white rice for Akshata Puja so only whole, unbroken grains are used. Whole husked grains cannot germinate, symbolizing liberation from future rebirth.

Fifth, never pray for the defeat of rivals or material enrichment at others' expense. Prayer before the Jina is purely an act of inner purification, universal amity and ethical resolve.

?Quick Questions

Why does the supreme Navkar Mantra mention no personal names of deities and ask for no worldly favors?

In Jain philosophy, the Navkar Mantra (Namokar Mantra) salutes the Five Supreme Categories of Spiritual Beings (Pancha Parameshthi): the Arihants, Siddhas, Acharyas, Upadhyayas and all Sadhus across the cosmos. It names no single historical person (not even Lord Mahavira) because Jainism reveres spiritual virtues (Guna) rather than personality cults. Moreover, liberated souls are free of attachment and do not dispense material favors; chanting the Navkar Mantra purifies one's own mind and awakens the soul's innate wisdom.

What does Michhami Dukkadam mean, and when is the Khamatkhana forgiveness rite performed?

Michhami Dukkadam is an ancient Prakrit phrase meaning: May whatever wrong or harm I have knowingly or unknowingly caused you in thought, word or deed be rendered fruitless and forgiven! While Jains reflect on this daily during evening Pratikraman, it is exchanged universally with family, friends, neighbors and business associates on Samvatsari / Kshamavani (the final day of the annual Paryushana or Das Lakshana festival) and at year's end.

What are the eight offerings of Ashta Prakari Puja at a Jain household shrine?

The Ashta Prakari Puja uses eight pure, non-violent items to contemplate eight spiritual goals: (1) Filtered boiled water (Jala) for spotless purity; (2) Sandalwood and saffron paste (Chandan) for cooling anger; (3) Insect-free flowers (Pushpa) for transcending sensual desire; (4) Sandalwood incense (Dhupa) for burning away karma; (5) A glass-shielded lamp (Dipa) for omniscient wisdom; (6) Unbroken white rice (Akshata) for ending rebirth; (7) Honey-free vegan sweets (Naivedya) for conquering craving; and (8) Whole fruit (Phala) for ultimate liberation (Moksha).

What is the meaning of the Swastika, three dots and crescent formed with white rice on the altar tray?

Before the Ghar Derasar shrine, worshipers arrange unbroken white rice grains (Akshata) into a complete map of liberation: the four arms of the Swastika represent the four realms of cyclic rebirth (heavenly, human, animal-plant, and hellish); the three horizontal dots above represent the Three Jewels (Right Faith, Right Knowledge, Right Conduct); and the crescent with a single dot at the top represents Siddhashila, the apex of the universe where liberated souls dwell in eternal bliss.

Why do Jain worshipers wear a white mouth-cloth (Muhapatti) and avoid root vegetables and honey?

Both practices stem from rigorous observance of Ahimsa (Non-Violence). Wearing the white Muhapatti cloth over the mouth while near the altar or sacred books prevents warm breath from harming microscopic air-bodied beings (Vayukaya). Similarly, uprooting bulbs and tubers (onions, garlic, potatoes, carrots) destroys the entire plant and its soil microorganisms, while collecting honey harms bees.

How do Jain families honor departed ancestors and loved ones?

Because Jainism teaches that the soul (Jiva) is immortal and immediately moves forward on its spiritual journey after physical death, Jain memorial rites never involve food offerings to summon spirits back. Instead, families honor departed elders by chanting the Navkar Mantra and Logassa Sutra, observing vegetarian fasts, practicing compassionate charity to protect humans and animals (Jivdaya), and wishing the departed soul peaceful progress toward liberation.

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Compiled, textually collated and diagrammed by Master Ưng Khiêm and UK MASTER ACADEMY. Last updated: 31 October 2026. Sources: Collated from the Jain Agamas (Acharanga Sutra, Sthananga Sutra), Umasvati's Tattvartha Sutra, traditional Pratikraman Sutra manuals (Navkar Mantra, Chattari Mangalam, Logassa Sutra, Khamemi Savva Jive), and the classical Sanskrit benediction Shivamastu Sarva Jagatah.