Finland

The mother church of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland and the country's national sanctuary, consecrated as a cathedral on June 17, 1300 and dedicated to the Virgin Mary and Saint Henrik, first Bishop of Finland. Expanded in brick and stone across the Middle Ages, the cathedral suffered severe damage in the Great Fire of Turku in 1827, after which Carl Ludvig Engel designed its Empire-style spire, high altar, and pulpit.

Tuomiokirkonkatu 1, 20500 Turku

Photo: kallerna, CC BY-SA 3.0, Wikimedia Commons

The iconic white Neoclassical Lutheran cathedral crowning the monumental granite steps on the north side of Senate Square (Senaatintori) in central Helsinki, designed by Carl Ludvig Engel from 1830 and completed by Ernst Bernhard Lohrmann on February 15, 1852 with a symmetrical Greek-cross plan, a green central dome rising over 80 meters above sea level, and the world's largest zinc sculptural cycle of the Twelve Apostles on its rooflines.

Cathedral of the Evangelical Lutheran Diocese of Helsinki and Protected National Architectural Landmark of Senate Square (Senaatintori)Unioninkatu 29 (Senate Square / Senaatintori), Kruununhaka District, 00170 Helsinki, Finland

Photo: Virtual-Pano, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons

The principal cathedral of the autonomous Orthodox Church of Finland crowning a granite hillside on the Katajanokka peninsula overlooking Helsinki's South Harbour, built between 1862 and October 25, 1868 to the Russian-Byzantine Revival designs of architect Aleksey Gornostayev using 700,000 red bricks salvaged from Bomarsund Fortress and topped by thirteen 22-karat gold-leaf onion domes representing Christ and the Twelve Apostles.

Main Cathedral of the Orthodox Diocese of Helsinki and the Autonomous Orthodox Church of Finland (Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople), widely recognized as the largest Orthodox church building in Northern and Western EuropeKanavakatu 1, Katajanokka Peninsula, 00160 Helsinki, Finland

Photo: Virtual-Pano, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons

A masterpiece of Nordic vernacular log architecture standing on a narrow lakeside peninsula between Lakes Jamsanvesi and Petajavesi in Central Finland, built of hand-hewn Scots pine logs between 1763 and 1765 by peasant master carpenter Jaakko Klemetinpoika Leppanen with an 1821 bell tower added by his grandson Erkki Leppanen, inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994.

UNESCO World Heritage Site (inscribed in 1994, Ref. 584) and Protected Historic Wooden Monument of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of FinlandVanhankirkontie 9, Isthmus between Lakes Jamsanvesi and Petajavesi, 41900 Petajavesi, Central Finland, Finland

Photo: Petritap, Phạm vi công cộng, Wikimedia Commons

An internationally celebrated work of Nordic modernist sacred architecture in Helsinki's Etu-Toolo district, designed by brothers Timo and Tuomo Suomalainen and consecrated on September 28, 1969, excavated directly into a two-billion-year-old Precambrian granite outcrop and crowned by a 24-meter dome lined with 22 kilometers of copper strip and 180 radial skylights.

Protected National Modernist Monument of Finland (Evangelical Lutheran Parish of Toolo) and Docomomo International Selection of Modern Movement Architecture (2004)Lutherinkatu 3, Temppeliaukio Square, Etu-Toolo District, 00100 Helsinki, Finland

Photo: Dennis G. Jarvis, CC BY-SA 2.0, Wikimedia Commons